1. Napoleon Bonaparte
*Napoleon Bonaparte was born on August 15, 1769 in Ajaccio on the Mediterranean island of Corsica, the son of Carlo and Letizia Bonaparte. Napoleon decided on a military career when he was a child, winning a scholarship to a French military academy at age 14. One of his greatest achievements was his supervision of the revision and collection of French law into codes.In the states he created, Napoleon granted constitutions, introduced law codes, abolished feudalism, created efficient governments and fostered education, science, literature and the arts.While Napoleon believed in government "for" the people, he rejected government "by" the people.Napoleon asked peace of the allies, but they outlawed him, and he decided to strike first.He was then exiled to Saint Helena, a remote island in the south Atlantic Ocean, where he remained until his death on May 5, 1821.
(http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/95aug/napoleon.html)
2. Duke Wellington
*Arthur Wesley was born in Dublin in early May 1769. In 1798, his aristocratic Anglo-Irish family changed their name to Wellesley.Arthur Wesley was born in Dublin in early May 1769. In 1798, his aristocratic Anglo-Irish family changed their name to Wellesley.He fought against the French in Flanders and in 1796 went to India.He fought against the French in Flanders and in 1796 went to India. Wellesley achieved considerable military success. His opposition to parliamentary reform made him unpopular, and he earned the nickname of the 'Iron Duke'.Wellington's government fell in 1830. When they returned to power in 1834, Wellington Wellington's government fell in 1830. When they returned to power in 1834, Wellington. He died on 14 September 1852 and was given a state funeral.
(http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/wellington_duke_of.shtml)
3. Maximilien Robespierre
* Maximilien Robespierre (Maximilien Francois Marie Isidore De Robespierre) was born on May 6th, 1758, in Arras where his father was based as an advocate.He became known both as a successful advocate and as a participant in local literary and philosophic circles. He was elected as a "Third Estate".On July 27th 1794 Robespierre was accused of tyranny, barred from speaking at the National Convention, and was placed under arrest as were several key supporters.With the demise of Robespierre the truly Revolutionary phase of the Revolution in France more or less came to an end. Power shifted away from the radicals and towards the conservatives. The Jacobin Clubs were closed down in November and freedom of worship was restored in February 1795.
( http://www.age-of-the-sage.org/historical/biography/maximilien_robespierre.html)
4.George Danton
*George Jacques Danton was one of the leaders of the French revolution. He was born in 1759 and died in 1794.He founded the club of the Cordeliers, was foremost in organizing and conducting the attack on the Tuileries, on August the 10th, 1792, and as a reward for such services was made minister of justice and a member of the provisional executive council. He voted for the capital punishment of all returning aristocrats, but undertook the defense of religious worship.But the rivalry of the two great leaders had now reached a point when one must succumb, and the crafty Robespierre succeeded in having George Danton denounced and thrown into prison, on the 31st of March, 1794. Five days afterwards he was condemned by the revolutionary tribunal as an accomplice in a conspiracy for the restoration of monarchy, and executed the same day.
(http://www.probertencyclopaedia.com/cgi-bin/res.pl?keyword=George+Danton&offset=0)B. What happened to France after the Napoleonic War. Discuss and provide a brief and concise account about the war.
* Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo, he abdicated and went into exile on St. Helena Island in the South Atlantic. Louis XVIII returned to rule over France.
http://wiki.answers.com/What_happened_at_the_end_of_the_Napoleonic_Wars#ixzz1F3FQQEaU
C. Introduce the following personalities and their accomplishments in their respective countries:
1. Queen Isabela
*Queen Isabella I ruled Castile and Aragon jointly with her husband, Ferdinand (Ferdinand II of Aragon, Ferdinand V of Castile).She was a religious queen,and so she's called Isabella the Catholic. Henry IV was Isabella's half brother.Isabella was also a patron of scholars and artists, establishing educational institutions and building a large collection of art works. She learned Latin as an adult, was widely read, and educated not only her sons but her daughters.she financed Christopher Columbus so he could go to the new world. she took a liking to the native Americans and when some were brought back as slaves she ordered to have them let go.
(http://www.google.com.ph/#sclient=psy&hl=tl&q=Queen+Isabella)
2. King Carlos V
*Charles V ruled the largest collection of European land since Charlemagne over 700 years earlier. Charles was Duke of Burgundy, King of the Spanish Empire and the Habsburg territories, which included Austria and Hungary, as well as Holy Roman Emperor; he continued to acquire more land throughout his life. The manner of Charles’ rise to the throne caused upset, with some Spaniards wishing for his mother to remain in power.Charles caused more problems in the manner in which he initially governed the kingdom.
(http://europeanhistory.about.com/od/spain/a/revoltcomun1.htm)
3. King Philip II
*King Phillip II of Spain played a major role in English history at the time of the Tudors.Phillip of Spain was a very powerful emperor, his lands spreading not only throughout Spain but also throughout much of Europe: his inheritance being much of Holland, Austria and other parts of the 'Low Countries'.Philip banned the Protestant religion in all of the countries he ruled Philip wanted to make England a Catholic country again.Philip made use of the Spanish Inquisition to control his people.
He annexed Portugal in 1580 and as an ardent supporter of the Inquisition stamped out heresy which might be regarded as accomplishments. . But he was a disastrous ruler, at his death leaving his Empire divided, demoralized and nearly bankrupt, depleted by the almost continuous wars which characterized his reign.
(http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080116183602AAAnsFT)
4. Ivan the Terrible
*Ivan the Terrible was the first Grand Prince to have himself officially crowned tsar. As a boy, Ivan IV suffered under the regents. While he was treated with respect in public, in private he was often neglected and tortured. He also witnessed the boyars fighting to come to power. These two things are believed to have caused Ivan IV to be cruel. As a child he was known to torture animals, and as an adult his actions earned him the name Ivan the Terrible.http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/history/russia/ivantheterrible.html Ivan ‘Grozny’ was the first Russian ruler to take the title star (from Caesar). Grozny means ‘terrible’ or ‘awesome’ and he deserved that title more.
(http://www.answers.com/topic/ivan-iv-of-russia#ixzz1F3NZQSK
5. Peter the Great
*Peter the Great centralized government, modernized the army, created a navy and increased the subjugation and subjection of the peasants in Russia. His domestic policy allowed him to execute an aggressive foreign policy.Peter the Great’s sheer physical presence seemed to indicate the way his rule would go. He was nearly 7 feet tall and very broad. He was massively powerful, "loud-mouthed, violent, ruthless and impetuous". He always wanted to learn and was always active.His accomplishments were the creation of the first Russian Navy, expansion of trade, and military reforms.
( http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/peter_the_great.htm.)
6. Catherine the Great
*One of the most interesting, industrious and powerful personages to grace the pages of history during the eighteenth century is Catherine II, Empress of all the Russians. http://nevermore.tripod.com/CGREAT.HTM
She helped set the foundations for the Russian “Westernization” in the 19th and 20th centuries.She consolidated power from the serfs and feudal lords by continuing the political reforms started by Peter the Great.
(http://departments.kings.edu/womens_history/c)
7. Maria Theresa
*Maria Theresa (1717-1780), archduchess of Austria, Holy Roman Empress, and queen of Hungary and Bohemia, began her rule in 1740. She was the only woman ruler in the 650 history of the Habsburg dynasty. She was also one of the most successful Habsburg rulers, male or female, while bearing sixteen children between 1738 and 1756.Maria Theresa is considered an enlightened monarch, and she was one of the longest running ruler in our country history. However, we call her reign an enlightened absolutism. Her first half of the reign was preoccupied with the wars for a succession and keeping her on the throne, from which she lost the wealthiest land of the monarchy, Silesia. These wars were waged against Prussia and France who occupied most of the country.
(http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20081221095637AASL6XB )
Sunday, February 27, 2011
Wednesday, February 23, 2011
A. Provide basic information about the following figure and their participation in the French Revolution and in the Napoleonic War . Also include their achievements and he reason of their downfall.
1. Napoleon Bonaparte
2. Duke Wellington
3. Maximilien Robespierre
4. George Danton
B. What happened to France after the Napoleonic War. Discuss and provide a brief and concise account about the war.
C. Introduce the following personalities and their accomplishments in their respective countries:
1. Quen Isabela
2. King Carlos V
3. King Philip II
4. Ivan the Terrible
5. Peter the Great
6. Catherine the Great
7. Maria Theresa
Note: Study in advance the First and Second World War.
1. Napoleon Bonaparte
2. Duke Wellington
3. Maximilien Robespierre
4. George Danton
B. What happened to France after the Napoleonic War. Discuss and provide a brief and concise account about the war.
C. Introduce the following personalities and their accomplishments in their respective countries:
1. Quen Isabela
2. King Carlos V
3. King Philip II
4. Ivan the Terrible
5. Peter the Great
6. Catherine the Great
7. Maria Theresa
Note: Study in advance the First and Second World War.
Thursday, February 17, 2011
1. The name France came from the Franks.
2.France's political system of absolute monarchy was first initiated in the 17th century. After the period of the renaissance monarchy[1] which was mainly based on the political consensus between monarch, social classes and the submissive’s league, absolute monarchy slowly emerged in the 16th century and was finally established during the 17th century.
Url:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_monarchy_in_France
3. King Louis XIII was King of France and Navarre from 1610 to 1643. Along with his First Minister Cardinal Richelieu, Louis "the Just" is remembered for the establishment of the Académie française and participation in the Thirty Years' War against the House of Habsburg.
Url:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France
2.France's political system of absolute monarchy was first initiated in the 17th century. After the period of the renaissance monarchy[1] which was mainly based on the political consensus between monarch, social classes and the submissive’s league, absolute monarchy slowly emerged in the 16th century and was finally established during the 17th century.
Url:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_monarchy_in_France
3. King Louis XIII was King of France and Navarre from 1610 to 1643. Along with his First Minister Cardinal Richelieu, Louis "the Just" is remembered for the establishment of the Académie française and participation in the Thirty Years' War against the House of Habsburg.
Url:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France
King louis XVI was King of France and of Navarre.[1] His reign, from 1643 to his death in 1715, began at the age of four and lasted seventy-two years, three months, and eighteen days, and is the longest documented reign of any European monarch. Louis continued his predecessors' work of creating a centralized state governed from the capital. He sought to eliminate the remnants of feudalism persisting in parts of France and, by compelling the noble elite to inhabit his lavish Palace of Versailles, succeeded in pacifying the aristocracy.He also get France from the war.
Url: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&search=%60accomplishments+of+king+louis+xiv
Cardinal Rechelieu was consecrated as bishop in 160 becoming a secretary of states in 1616.He became a cardinal in 1622, and King Louis XIII's chief minister in 1624.He is considered to be the world's first Prime Minister, in the modern sense of term. Richelieu was also famous for his patronage of the arts; most notably, he founded the Académie Française, the learned society responsible for matters pertaining to the French language. Richelieu is also known by the sobriquet l'Éminence rouge ("the Red Eminence"), from the red shade of a cardinal's clerical dress and the style "eminence" as a cardinal.
Url: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu
Mazarin was a French-Italian cardinal, diplomat, and politician, who served as the chief minister of France from 1642 until his death. Mazarin succeeded his mentor, Cardinal Richelieu. He was a noted collector of art and jewels, particularly diamonds, and he bequeathed the "Mazarin diamonds" to Louis XIV in 1661, some of which remain in the collection of the Louvre museum in Paris. His personal library was the origin of the Bibliothèque Mazarine in Paris.His achievements include improvements to the telescope.
Url:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&search=achievements+of+mazarin
4. In France under the Ancient Regime, the States-General or Estates-General was a legislative assembly (see The Estates) of the different classes (or estates) of French subjects. It had a separate assembly for each of the three estates, which were called and dismissed by the king. It had no true power in its own right—unlike the English parliament it was not required to approve royal taxation or legislation instead it functioned as an advisory body to the king, primarily by presenting petitions from the various estates and consulting on fiscal policy[2]. The Estates-General met from intermittently until 1614 and rarely afterward, but was not definitively dissolved until after the French Revolution.The Legislative Assembly was driven by two opposing groups. The members of the first group were primarily moderate members of the bourgeoisie that favored a constitutional monarchy, represented by the Feuillants, who felt that the revolution had already achieved its goal.[1] The second group was the democratic faction, for whom the king could no longer be trusted, represented by the new members of the Jacobin club. This group claimed that more revolutionary measures were necessary.
5.The Hundred Years' War was a series of wars waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Valois and the House of Plantagenet, also known as the House of Anjou, for the French throne, which had become vacant upon the extinction of the senior Capetian line of French kings.The war owes its historical significance to a number of factors. Though primarily a dynastic conflict, the war gave impetus to ideas of both French and English nationalism. Militarily, it saw the introduction of new weapons and tactics, which eroded the older system of feudal armies dominated by heavy cavalry and began to erode the dominance of heavy cavalry in Western Europe. The first standing armies in Western Europe since the time of the Western Roman Empire were introduced for the war, thus changing the role of the peasantry. For all this, as well as for its long duration, it is often viewed as one of the most significant conflicts in the history of medieval warfare. In France, civil wars, deadly epidemics, famines and marauding mercenary armies (turned to banditry) reduced the population by about one-half.
The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in what is now Germany, and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe. Naval warfare also reached overseas and shaped the colonial formation of future nations.A major impact of the Thirty Years' War was the extensive destruction of entire regions, denuded by the foraging armies (bellum se ipsum alet). Episodes of famine and disease significantly decreased the populace of the German states, Bohemia, the Low Countries and Italy, while bankrupting most of the combatant powers. While the regiments within each army were not strictly mercenary in that they were not guns for hire that changed sides from battle to battle, the individual soldiers that made up the regiments for the most part probably were. The problem of discipline was made more difficult still by the ad hoc nature of 17th-century military financing. Armies were expected to be largely self-funding from loot taken or tribute extorted from the settlements where they operated. This encouraged a form of lawlessness that imposed often severe hardship on inhabitants of the occupied territory. Some of the quarrels that provoked the war went unresolved for a much longer time. The Thirty Years' War was ended with the treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, part of the wider Peace of Westphalia.
The War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) was fought among several European powers, principally the Spanish loyal to Archduke Charles, the Holy Roman Empire, Great Britain, the Dutch Republic, Portugal and the Duchy of Savoy against the Spanish loyal to Philip V, France and the Electorate of Bavaria over a possible unification of the Kingdoms of Spain and France under one Bourbon monarch. Such a unification would have drastically changed the European balance of power. The war was fought mostly in Europe but included Queen Anne's War in North America and it was marked by the military leadership of notable generals including the Duc de Villars, the Jacobite Duke of Berwick, the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy. It resulted in the recognition of Philip as King of Spain while requiring him to renounce any claim to the French throne and to cede much of the Spanish Crown's possessions to the Holy Roman Empire, the Dutch Republic, Savoy and Great Britain, partitioning the Spanish Empire in Europe.The war was concluded by the treaties of Utrecht (1713) and Rastatt (1714). As a result, Philip V remained King of Spain but was removed from the French line of succession, averting a union of the two kingdoms. The Austrians gained most of the Spanish territories in Italy and the Netherlands. France's hegemony over continental Europe was ended and the idea of a balance of power became a part of the international order.[7] Philip quickly revived Spanish ambition; taking advantage of the power vacuum caused by Louis XIV's death in 1715, Philip announced he would claim the French crown if the infant Louis XV died and attempted to reclaim Spanish territory in Italy, precipitating the War of the Quadruple Alliance in 1717.
The French Revolution (French: Révolution française; 1789–99) was a period of radical social and political upheaval in French and European history. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in three years. French society underwent an epic transformation as feudal, aristocratic and religious privileges evaporated under a sustained assault from liberal political groups and the masses on the streets. Old ideas about hierarchy and tradition succumbed to new Enlightenment principles of citizenship and inalienable rights.The French Revolution began in 1789 with the convocation of the Estates-General in May.The modern era has unfolded in the shadow of the French Revolution. The growth of republics and liberal democracies, the spread of secularism, the development of modern ideologies and the invention of total war[2] all mark their birth during the Revolution. Subsequent events that can be traced to the Revolution include the Napoleonic Wars, two separate restorations of the monarchy and two additional revolutions as modern France took shape. In the following century, France would be governed at one point or another as a republic, constitutional monarchy and two different empires (the First and Second).
Url:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&search=War+of+Spanish+Successions
Url: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&search=%60accomplishments+of+king+louis+xiv
Cardinal Rechelieu was consecrated as bishop in 160 becoming a secretary of states in 1616.He became a cardinal in 1622, and King Louis XIII's chief minister in 1624.He is considered to be the world's first Prime Minister, in the modern sense of term. Richelieu was also famous for his patronage of the arts; most notably, he founded the Académie Française, the learned society responsible for matters pertaining to the French language. Richelieu is also known by the sobriquet l'Éminence rouge ("the Red Eminence"), from the red shade of a cardinal's clerical dress and the style "eminence" as a cardinal.
Url: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu
Mazarin was a French-Italian cardinal, diplomat, and politician, who served as the chief minister of France from 1642 until his death. Mazarin succeeded his mentor, Cardinal Richelieu. He was a noted collector of art and jewels, particularly diamonds, and he bequeathed the "Mazarin diamonds" to Louis XIV in 1661, some of which remain in the collection of the Louvre museum in Paris. His personal library was the origin of the Bibliothèque Mazarine in Paris.His achievements include improvements to the telescope.
Url:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&search=achievements+of+mazarin
4. In France under the Ancient Regime, the States-General or Estates-General was a legislative assembly (see The Estates) of the different classes (or estates) of French subjects. It had a separate assembly for each of the three estates, which were called and dismissed by the king. It had no true power in its own right—unlike the English parliament it was not required to approve royal taxation or legislation instead it functioned as an advisory body to the king, primarily by presenting petitions from the various estates and consulting on fiscal policy[2]. The Estates-General met from intermittently until 1614 and rarely afterward, but was not definitively dissolved until after the French Revolution.The Legislative Assembly was driven by two opposing groups. The members of the first group were primarily moderate members of the bourgeoisie that favored a constitutional monarchy, represented by the Feuillants, who felt that the revolution had already achieved its goal.[1] The second group was the democratic faction, for whom the king could no longer be trusted, represented by the new members of the Jacobin club. This group claimed that more revolutionary measures were necessary.
5.The Hundred Years' War was a series of wars waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Valois and the House of Plantagenet, also known as the House of Anjou, for the French throne, which had become vacant upon the extinction of the senior Capetian line of French kings.The war owes its historical significance to a number of factors. Though primarily a dynastic conflict, the war gave impetus to ideas of both French and English nationalism. Militarily, it saw the introduction of new weapons and tactics, which eroded the older system of feudal armies dominated by heavy cavalry and began to erode the dominance of heavy cavalry in Western Europe. The first standing armies in Western Europe since the time of the Western Roman Empire were introduced for the war, thus changing the role of the peasantry. For all this, as well as for its long duration, it is often viewed as one of the most significant conflicts in the history of medieval warfare. In France, civil wars, deadly epidemics, famines and marauding mercenary armies (turned to banditry) reduced the population by about one-half.
The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in what is now Germany, and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe. Naval warfare also reached overseas and shaped the colonial formation of future nations.A major impact of the Thirty Years' War was the extensive destruction of entire regions, denuded by the foraging armies (bellum se ipsum alet). Episodes of famine and disease significantly decreased the populace of the German states, Bohemia, the Low Countries and Italy, while bankrupting most of the combatant powers. While the regiments within each army were not strictly mercenary in that they were not guns for hire that changed sides from battle to battle, the individual soldiers that made up the regiments for the most part probably were. The problem of discipline was made more difficult still by the ad hoc nature of 17th-century military financing. Armies were expected to be largely self-funding from loot taken or tribute extorted from the settlements where they operated. This encouraged a form of lawlessness that imposed often severe hardship on inhabitants of the occupied territory. Some of the quarrels that provoked the war went unresolved for a much longer time. The Thirty Years' War was ended with the treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, part of the wider Peace of Westphalia.
The War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) was fought among several European powers, principally the Spanish loyal to Archduke Charles, the Holy Roman Empire, Great Britain, the Dutch Republic, Portugal and the Duchy of Savoy against the Spanish loyal to Philip V, France and the Electorate of Bavaria over a possible unification of the Kingdoms of Spain and France under one Bourbon monarch. Such a unification would have drastically changed the European balance of power. The war was fought mostly in Europe but included Queen Anne's War in North America and it was marked by the military leadership of notable generals including the Duc de Villars, the Jacobite Duke of Berwick, the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy. It resulted in the recognition of Philip as King of Spain while requiring him to renounce any claim to the French throne and to cede much of the Spanish Crown's possessions to the Holy Roman Empire, the Dutch Republic, Savoy and Great Britain, partitioning the Spanish Empire in Europe.The war was concluded by the treaties of Utrecht (1713) and Rastatt (1714). As a result, Philip V remained King of Spain but was removed from the French line of succession, averting a union of the two kingdoms. The Austrians gained most of the Spanish territories in Italy and the Netherlands. France's hegemony over continental Europe was ended and the idea of a balance of power became a part of the international order.[7] Philip quickly revived Spanish ambition; taking advantage of the power vacuum caused by Louis XIV's death in 1715, Philip announced he would claim the French crown if the infant Louis XV died and attempted to reclaim Spanish territory in Italy, precipitating the War of the Quadruple Alliance in 1717.
The French Revolution (French: Révolution française; 1789–99) was a period of radical social and political upheaval in French and European history. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in three years. French society underwent an epic transformation as feudal, aristocratic and religious privileges evaporated under a sustained assault from liberal political groups and the masses on the streets. Old ideas about hierarchy and tradition succumbed to new Enlightenment principles of citizenship and inalienable rights.The French Revolution began in 1789 with the convocation of the Estates-General in May.The modern era has unfolded in the shadow of the French Revolution. The growth of republics and liberal democracies, the spread of secularism, the development of modern ideologies and the invention of total war[2] all mark their birth during the Revolution. Subsequent events that can be traced to the Revolution include the Napoleonic Wars, two separate restorations of the monarchy and two additional revolutions as modern France took shape. In the following century, France would be governed at one point or another as a republic, constitutional monarchy and two different empires (the First and Second).
Url:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&search=War+of+Spanish+Successions
Tuesday, February 15, 2011
Note: URL should be placed at the last part of each answers. Answers should be posted in your own blog. Meaning you have to create your own blog and add knowieclose1028@yahoo.com as author. Thank u. Worth 100 points and should be complied up to Friday night February 18, 2011.
1. Where did the name France came from?
2. What is absolute monarchy? Tell how it ended as a system of government in France?
3. Tell something about the following leaders in France ( their role, achievements, accomplishments)
a. King Louis XIII
b. King Louis XIV
c. Cardinal Richelieu
d. Mazarin
4. What is a General Estates in France? What is its composition? Describe each.
5. Tell something about the following events in the history of France:
1. Hundred Years War
2. Thirty Years War
3. War of Spanish Successions
4. French Revolution
1. Where did the name France came from?
2. What is absolute monarchy? Tell how it ended as a system of government in France?
3. Tell something about the following leaders in France ( their role, achievements, accomplishments)
a. King Louis XIII
b. King Louis XIV
c. Cardinal Richelieu
d. Mazarin
4. What is a General Estates in France? What is its composition? Describe each.
5. Tell something about the following events in the history of France:
1. Hundred Years War
2. Thirty Years War
3. War of Spanish Successions
4. French Revolution
Monday, February 14, 2011
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)